Globalisation,Multinational Enterprises(MNEs) and Free Trade Essay

Globalisation,Multinational Enterprises(MNEs) and Free Trade - Essay Example Global integration is facilitated by the existence of a global infrastructure that fosters easy communication and transportation of labour and products. This plays a critical role in creating a borderless society, which reduces the world into a village. In addition, connectivity reduces the time spent in the production of goods and services, which ensures efficiency among manufacturing industries. Under globalization, international bodies such as the European Union provide guidelines to govern economic activities among member states. Globalization is associated with increased economic growth where nations are open to new opportunities for trade and investments. Integration fosters the removal of barriers such as trade restrictions, quotas and tariffs, which attracts economic stimulation through economic drives. In this sense, new markets emerge in countries of interest with services such as banking, transport and insurance being established. Similarly, globalization encourages efficiency in business thus lowering national barriers to trade and investments. Advances in manufacturing technology as well as in communication facilitate efficiency. The internet provides an effective mode of communication such as email and video conferencing, which bridges geographical barriers and facilitates efficiency. Integration is governed by rules and regulations, which ensure democracy and rights of the citizens are upheld. An increase economic success is associated with improving living standards among citizens in the country. However, globalization also has negative impacts to the society relating to loss of autonomy, which leads to harmonization of standards between nations. In the same manner, international bodies take precedence over national bodies where economic activities are supervised by multinational institutions such as World Trade Organization, International

“What Are Some Issues That Indigenous Australians Still Face and Some Solutions” Essay Example for Free

â€Å"What Are Some Issues That Indigenous Australians Still Face and Some Solutions† Essay We have all heard of the stolen generation in Australia’s history, and know of the issues and problems the indigenous Australians faced and although modern times for indigenous Australians are a lot better than previous times, they are still faced with many issues. These include education leading onto high unemployment, remoteness of some living lands, problems proving rightful lands and culture clashes of today. However some solutions I think will work are mentioned later on, which I think could possibly help future generations to come. Education and high unemployment are all issues that the indigenous aboriginals face. They have the lowest attendance rates and this leads onto high unemployment rates. Some aboriginals do not believe in European education, and others it is sometimes too far for them to travel to get proper education. This all has future effects on the children that do not attend school, as they are unable to be employed and therefore cannot lead a better life. It is a cycle that will continue until something is done. I believe that we should build more schools so the children can attend it daily, and for those who do not believe in European education, I believe that we should have a regular consulter who ever week will talk to the adults to try and convince them and change their views (gently), and not only that, but check on the children and make sure they are attending school. I think governments should help schools who have this commonly occur, and have a consulter and check up on the kids who haven’t been attending. The next issue is remoteness of land that leads to lack of proper facilities, and problems with proving rightful land. Some indigenous Australians prefer to live on their ancestor’s land and continue traditional life; however sometimes these places are too remote for proper facilities. Facilities such as health, education and more are too far to reach. I think we should build more facilities nearer to the lands so they are now closer and can get use them. The next problem is a big one. Ancestral land is vital to indigenous culture and is a link to their past, so when they lose that important land, it is hard to win it back as a lot of evidence must be given. I believe we should reduce the amount of evidence given, and depending on case to case, give it up easier. Because without their land they have lost their culture, their land and are displaced within society. The last issue I will mention is culture clash. Here in the modern world,there is not much room for other cultures. It is a major role within many indigenous Australian lives, however its customs sometimes clash with the new beliefs creating strains on the younger generations beliefs. I believe we should create more schools, meant mainly (but not only for) aboriginals, which encourage many of their cultures and customs which will help encourage the younger generations to connect with it. So although there is still many issues that many indigenous Australians face, I believe that they can all be solved with enough time, effort and belief, we can make it better for them.

Andy Warhol Essay -- essays research papers

The attitude of Warhol only confused society more. Instead of hiding his association with commercial art as other artists did, drawing and dividing the line between it and real art, he erased the line. â€Å"The Pop artists did images that anybody walking down Broadway could recognize in a split second.†(Warhol) Pop artist figures competed in that art market where images and auras, no just objects, are offered for consumption. Warhol has never objected to this state of affairs, which he did so much to reveal – and indeed, to push to new extremes of sophistication. Warhol introduced society to a new kind of art that is now being recognized as real art, he pushed to boundaries and so called standards to the traditional ways. Warhol’s first major display of pushing the boundaries was in 1948 at an art show given by the Pittsburgh Associated Artists his painting that he submitted was titled The Broad Gave Me My Face but I Can Pick My Own Nose, one judge thought it was excellent and another thought it was vulgar and coarse. It hung in the ‘reject’ section but drew a huge crowd of admiring students. From that he felt that he was ready to take on the art scene in New York. Warhol’s approach to the modern way of art was mass production of everyday items. He was very successful as a commercial artist but was not considered a ‘real’ artist. Andy wanted his art to look impersonal and mechanical. He discovered the use of silkscreen and how it produced slight mistakes and unevenness in his re...

The Host Chapter 21: Named

I kept tight to Jeb's side, a little in front of him. I wanted to be as far as possible from the two men following us. Jamie walked somewhere in the middle, not sure of where he wanted to be. I wasn't able to concentrate much on the rest of Jeb's tour. My attention was not focused on the second set of gardens he led me through-one with corn growing waist-high in the blistering heat of the brilliant mirrors-or the wide but low-ceilinged cavern he called the â€Å"rec room.† That one was pitch-black and deep underground, but he told me they brought in lights when they wanted to play. The word play didn't make sense to me, not here in this group of tense, angry survivors, but I didn't ask him to explain. There was more water here, a tiny, noxiously sulfurous spring that Jeb said they sometimes used as a second latrine because it was no good for drinking. My attention was divided between the men walking behind us and the boy at my side. Ian and the doctor did mind their manners surprisingly well. No one attacked me from behind-though I thought my eyes might get lodged in the back of my head from trying to see if they were about to. They just followed quietly, sometimes talking to each other in low voices. Their comments revolved around names I didn't know and nicknames for places and things that might or might not have been inside these caves. I couldn't understand any of it. Jamie said nothing, but he looked at me a lot. When I wasn't trying to keep an eye on the others, I was often peeking at him, too. This left little time to admire the things Jeb showed me, but he didn't seem to notice my preoccupations. Some of the tunnels were very long-the distances hidden beneath the ground here were mind-boggling. Often they were pitch-black, but Jeb and the others never so much as paused, clearly familiar with their whereabouts and long since accustomed to traveling in darkness. It was harder for me than it was when Jeb and I were alone. In the dark, every noise sounded like an attack. Even the doctor's and Ian's casual chatter seemed like a cover for some nefarious move. Paranoid, Melanie commented. If that's what it takes to keep us alive, so be it. I wish you would pay more attention to Uncle Jeb. This is fascinating. Do what you want with your time. I can only hear and see what you hear and see, Wanderer, she told me. Then she changed the subject. Jamie looks okay, don't you think? Not too unhappy. He looks†¦ wary. We were just coming into some light after the longest trek so far in the humid blackness. â€Å"This here is the southernmost spur of the tube system,† Jeb explained as we walked. â€Å"Not super convenient, but it gets good light all day long. That's why we made it the hospital wing. This is where Doc does his thing.† The moment Jeb announced where we were, my body froze and my joints locked; I skidded to a halt, my feet planted against the rock floor. My eyes, wide with terror, flickered between Jeb's face and the face of the doctor. Had this all been a ruse, then? Wait for stubborn Jared to be out of the picture and then lure me back here? I couldn't believe I'd walked to this place under my own power. How stupid I was! Melanie was just as aghast. We might as well have gift-wrapped ourselves for them! They stared back at me, Jeb expressionless, the doctor looking as surprised as I felt-though not as horrified. I would have flinched, ripped myself away from the touch of a hand on my arm, if the hand had not been so familiar. â€Å"No,† Jamie said, his hand hesitantly resting just below my elbow. â€Å"No, it's okay. Really. Right, Uncle Jeb?† Jamie looked trustingly at the old man. â€Å"It's okay, right?† â€Å"Sure it is.† Jeb's faded blue eyes were calm and clear. â€Å"Just showing you my place, kid, that's all.† â€Å"What are you talking about?† Ian grumbled from behind us, sounding annoyed that he didn't understand. â€Å"Did you think we brought you here on purpose, for Doc?† Jamie said to me instead of answering Ian. â€Å"Because we wouldn't do that. We promised Jared.† I stared at his earnest face, trying to believe. â€Å"Oh!† Ian said as he understood, and then he laughed. â€Å"That wasn't a bad plan. I'm surprised I didn't think of it.† Jamie scowled at the big man and patted my arm before removing his hand. â€Å"Don't be scared,† he said. Jeb took up where he'd left off. â€Å"So this big room here is fitted up with a few cots in case anyone gets sick or hurt. We've been pretty lucky on that count. Doc doesn't have much to work with in an emergency.† Jeb grinned at me. â€Å"Your folks threw out all our medicines when they took over things. Hard to get our hands on what we need.† I nodded slightly; the movement was absentminded. I was still reeling, trying to get my bearings. This room looked innocent enough, as if it were only used for healing, but it made my stomach twist and contract. â€Å"What do you know about alien medicine?† the doctor asked suddenly, his head cocked to the side. He watched my face with expectant curiosity. I stared at him wordlessly. â€Å"Oh, you can talk to Doc,† Jeb encouraged me. â€Å"He's a pretty decent guy, all things considered.† I shook my head once. I meant to answer the doctor's question, to tell them that I knew nothing, but they misunderstood. â€Å"She's not giving away any trade secrets,† Ian said sourly. â€Å"Are you, sweetheart?† â€Å"Manners, Ian,† Jeb barked. â€Å"Is it a secret?† Jamie asked, guarded but clearly curious. I shook my head again. They all stared at me in confusion. Doc shook his head, too, slowly, baffled. I took a deep breath, then whispered, â€Å"I'm not a Healer. I don't know how they-the medications-work. Only that they do work- they heal, rather than merely treating symptoms. No trial and error. Of course the human medicines were discarded.† All four of them stared with blank expressions. First they were surprised when I didn't answer, and now they were surprised when I did. Humans were impossible to please. â€Å"Your kind didn't change too much of what we left behind,† Jeb said thoughtfully after a moment. â€Å"Just the medical stuff, and the spaceships instead of planes. Other than that, life seems to go on just the same as ever†¦ on the surface.† â€Å"We come to experience, not to change,† I whispered. â€Å"Health takes priority over that philosophy, though.† I shut my mouth with an audible snap. I had to be more careful. The humans hardly wanted a lecture on soul philosophy. Who knew what would anger them? Or what would snap their fragile patience? Jeb nodded, still thoughtful, and then ushered us onward. He wasn't as enthusiastic as he continued my tour through the few connecting caves here in the medical wing, not as involved in the presentation. When we turned around and headed back into the black corridor, he lapsed into silence. It was a long, quiet walk. I thought through what I'd said, looking for something that might have offended. Jeb was too strange for me to guess if that was the case. The other humans, hostile and suspicious as they were, at least made sense. How could I hope to make sense of Jeb? The tour ended abruptly when we reentered the huge garden cavern where the carrot sprouts made a bright green carpet across the dark floor. â€Å"Show's over,† Jeb said gruffly, looking at Ian and the doctor. â€Å"Go do something useful.† Ian rolled his eyes at the doctor, but they both turned good-naturedly enough and made their way toward the biggest exit-the one that led to the kitchen, I remembered. Jamie hesitated, looking after them but not moving. â€Å"You come with me,† Jeb told him, slightly less gruff this time. â€Å"I've got a job for you.† â€Å"Okay,† Jamie said. I could see that he was pleased to have been chosen. Jamie walked beside me again as we headed back toward the sleeping-quarters section of the caves. I was surprised, as we chose the third passageway from the left, that Jamie seemed to know exactly where we were going. Jeb was slightly behind us, but Jamie stopped at once when we reached the green screen that covered the seventh apartment. He moved the screen aside for me but stayed in the hall. â€Å"You okay to sit tight for a while?† Jeb asked me. I nodded, grateful at the thought of hiding again. I ducked through the opening and then stood a few feet in, not sure what to do with myself. Melanie remembered that there were books here, but I reminded her of my vow to not touch anything. â€Å"I got things to do, kid,† Jeb said to Jamie. â€Å"Food ain't gonna fix itself, you know. You up to guard duty?† â€Å"Sure,† Jamie said with a bright smile. His thin chest swelled with a deep breath. My eyes widened in disbelief as I watched Jeb place the rifle in Jamie's eager hands. â€Å"Are you crazy?† I shouted. My voice was so loud that I didn't recognize it at first. It felt like I'd been whispering forever. Jeb and Jamie looked up at me, shocked. I was out in the hallway with them in a second. I almost reached for the hard metal of the barrel, almost ripped it from the boy's hands. What stopped me wasn't the knowledge that a move like that would surely get me killed. What stopped me was the fact that I was weaker than the humans in this way; even to save the boy, I could not make myself touch the weapon. I turned on Jeb instead. â€Å"What are you thinking? Giving the weapon to a child? He could kill himself!† â€Å"Jamie's been through enough to be called a man, I think. He knows how to handle himself around a gun.† Jamie's shoulders straightened at Jeb's praise, and he gripped the gun tighter to his chest. I gaped at Jeb's stupidity. â€Å"What if they come for me with him here? Did you think of what could happen? This isn't a joke! They'll hurt him to get to me!† Jeb remained calm, his face placid. â€Å"Don't think there'll be any trouble today. I'd bet on it.† â€Å"Well, I wouldn't!† I was yelling again. My voice echoed off the tunnel walls-someone was sure to hear, but I didn't care. Better they come while Jeb was still here. â€Å"If you're so sure, then leave me here alone. Let what happens happen. But don't put Jamie in danger!† â€Å"Is it the kid you're worried about, or are you just afraid that he'll turn the gun on you?† Jeb asked, his voice almost languid. I blinked, my anger derailed. That thought had not even occurred to me. I glanced blankly at Jamie, met his surprised gaze, and saw that the idea was shocking to him, too. It took me a minute to recover my side of the argument, and by the time I did, Jeb's expression had changed. His eyes were intent, his mouth pursed-as if he were about to fit the last piece into a frustrating puzzle. â€Å"Give the gun to Ian or any of the others. I don't care,† I said, my voice slow and even. â€Å"Just leave the boy out of this.† Jeb's sudden face-wide grin reminded me, strangely, of a pouncing cat. â€Å"It's my house, kid, and I'll do what I want. I always do.† Jeb turned his back and ambled away down the hall, whistling as he went. I watched him go, my mouth hanging open. When he disappeared, I turned to Jamie, who was watching me with a sullen expression. â€Å"I'm not a child,† he muttered in a deeper tone than usual, his chin jutting out belligerently. â€Å"Now, you should†¦ you should go in your room.† The order was less than severe, but there was nothing else I could do. I'd lost this disagreement by a large margin. I sat down with my back against the rock that formed one side of the cave opening-the side where I could hide behind the half-opened screen but still watch Jamie. I wrapped my arms around my legs and began doing what I knew I would be doing as long as this insane situation continued: I worried. I also strained my eyes and ears for some sound of approach, to be ready. No matter what Jeb said, I would prevent anyone from challenging Jamie's guard. I would give myself up before they asked. Yes, Melanie agreed succinctly. Jamie stood in the hallway for a few minutes, the gun tight in his hands, unsure as to how to do his job. He started pacing after that, back and forth in front of the screen, but he seemed to feel silly after a couple of passes. Then he sat down on the floor beside the open end of the screen. The gun eventually settled on his folded legs, and his chin into his cupped hands. After a long time, he sighed. Guard duty was not as exciting as he'd been expecting. I did not get bored watching him. After maybe an hour or two, he started looking at me again, flickering glances. His lips opened a few times, and then he thought better of whatever he was going to say. I laid my chin on my knees and waited as he struggled. My patience was rewarded. â€Å"That planet you were coming from before you were in Melanie,† he finally said. â€Å"What was it like there? Was it like here?† The direction of his thoughts caught me off guard. â€Å"No,† I said. With only Jamie here, it felt right to speak normally instead of whispering. â€Å"No, it was very different.† â€Å"Will you tell me what it was like?† he asked, cocking his head to one side the way he used to when he was really interested in one of Melanie's bedtime stories. So I told him. I told him all about the See Weeds' waterlogged planet. I told him about the two suns, the elliptical orbit, the gray waters, the unmoving permanence of roots, the stunning vistas of a thousand eyes, the endless conversations of a million soundless voices that all could hear. He listened with wide eyes and a fascinated smile. â€Å"Is that the only other place?† he asked when I fell silent, trying to think of anything I'd missed. â€Å"Are the See Weeds†-he laughed once at the pun-â€Å"the only other aliens?† I laughed, too. â€Å"Hardly. No more than I'm the only alien on this world.† â€Å"Tell me.† So I told him about the Bats on the Singing World-how it was to live in musical blindness, how it was to fly. I told him about the Mists Planet-how it felt to have thick white fur and four hearts to keep warm, how to give claw beasts a wide berth. I started to tell him about the Planet of the Flowers, about the color and the light, but he interrupted me with a new question. â€Å"What about the little green guys with the triangle heads and the big black eyes? The ones who crashed in Roswell and all that. Was that you guys?† â€Å"Nope, not us.† â€Å"Was it all fake?† â€Å"I don't know-maybe, maybe not. It's a big universe, and there's a lot of company out there.† â€Å"How did you come here, then-if you weren't the little green guys, who were you? You had to have bodies to move and stuff, right?† â€Å"Right,† I agreed, surprised at his grasp of the facts at hand. I shouldn't have been surprised-I knew how bright he was, his mind like a thirsty sponge. â€Å"We used our Spider selves in the very beginning, to get things started.† â€Å"Spiders?† I told him about the Spiders-a fascinating species. Brilliant, the most incredible minds we'd ever come across, and each Spider had three of them. Three brains, one in each section of their segmented bodies. We'd yet to find a problem they couldn't solve for us. And yet they were so coldly analytical that they rarely came up with a problem they were curious enough to solve for themselves. Of all our hosts, the Spiders welcomed our occupation the most. They barely noticed the difference, and when they did, they seemed to appreciate the direction we provided. The few souls who had walked on the surface of the Spiders' planet before implantation told us that it was cold and gray-no wonder the Spiders only saw in black and white and had a limited sense of temperature. The Spiders lived short lives, but the young were born knowing everything their parent had, so no knowledge was lost. I'd lived out one of the short life terms of the species and then left with no desire to return. The amazing clarity of my thoughts, the easy answers that came to any question almost without effort, the march and dance of numbers were no substitute for emotion and color, which I could only vaguely understand when inside that body. I wondered how any soul could be content there, but the planet had been self-sufficient for thousands of Earth years. It was still open for settling only because the Spiders reproduced so quickly-great sacs of eggs. I started to tell Jamie how the offensive had been launched here. The Spiders were our best engineers-the ships they made for us danced nimbly and undetectably through the stars. The Spiders' bodies were almost as useful as their minds: four long legs to each segment-from which they'd earned their nickname on this planet-and twelve-fingered hands on each leg. These six-jointed fingers were as slender and strong as steel threads, capable of the most delicate procedures. About the mass of a cow, but short and lean, the Spiders had no trouble with the first insertions. They were stronger than humans, smarter than humans, and prepared, which the humans were not†¦ I stopped short, midsentence, when I saw the crystalline sparkle on Jamie's cheek. He was staring straight ahead at nothing, his lips pressed in a tight line. A large drop of salt water rolled slowly down the cheek closest to me. Idiot, Melanie chastised me. Didn't you think what your story would mean to him? Didn't you think of warning me sooner? She didn't answer. No doubt she'd been as caught up in the storytelling as I was. â€Å"Jamie,† I murmured. My voice was thick. The sight of his tear had done strange things to my throat. â€Å"Jamie, I'm so sorry. I wasn't thinking.† Jamie shook his head. â€Å"‘S okay. I asked. I wanted to know how it happened.† His voice was gruff, trying to hide the pain. It was instinctive, the desire to lean forward and wipe that tear away. I tried at first to ignore it; I was not Melanie. But the tear hung there, motionless, as if it would never fall. Jamie's eyes stayed fixed on the blank wall, and his lips trembled. He wasn't far from me. I stretched my arm out to brush my fingers against his cheek; the tear spread thin across his skin and disappeared. Acting on instinct again, I left my hand against his warm cheek, cradling his face. For a short second, he pretended to ignore me. Then he rolled toward me, his eyes closed, his hands reaching. He curled into my side, his cheek against the hollow of my shoulder, where it had once fit better, and sobbed. These were not the tears of a child, and that made them more profound-made it more sacred and painful that he would cry them in front of me. This was the grief of a man at the funeral for his entire family. My arms wound around him, not fitting as easily as they used to, and I cried, too. â€Å"I'm sorry,† I said again and again. I apologized for everything in those two words. That we'd ever found this place. That we'd chosen it. That I'd been the one to take his sister. That I'd brought her back here and hurt him again. That I'd made him cry today with my insensitive stories. I didn't drop my arms when his anguish quieted; I was in no hurry to let him go. It seemed as though my body had been starving for this from the beginning, but I'd never understood before now what would feed the hunger. The mysterious bond of mother and child-so strong on this planet-was not a mystery to me any longer. There was no bond greater than one that required your life for another's. I'd understood this truth before; what I had not understood was why. Now I knew why a mother would give her life for her child, and this knowledge would forever shape the way I saw the universe. â€Å"I know I've taught you better than that, kid.† We jumped apart. Jamie lurched to his feet, but I curled closer to the ground, cringing into the wall. Jeb leaned down and picked up the gun we'd both forgotten from the floor. â€Å"You've got to mind a gun better than this, Jamie.† His tone was very gentle-it softened the criticism. He reached out to tousle Jamie's shaggy hair. Jamie ducked under Jeb's hand, his face scarlet with mortification. â€Å"Sorry,† he muttered, and turned as if to flee. He stopped after just a step, though, and swiveled back to look at me. â€Å"I don't know your name,† he said. â€Å"They called me Wanderer,† I whispered. â€Å"Wanderer?† I nodded. He nodded, too, then hurried away. The back of his neck was still red. When he was gone, Jeb leaned against the rock and slid down till he was seated where Jamie had been. Like Jamie, he kept the gun cradled in his lap. â€Å"That's a real interesting name you've got there,† he told me. He seemed to be back to his chatty mood. â€Å"Maybe sometime you'll tell me how you got it. Bet that's a good story. But it's kind of a mouthful, don't you think? Wanderer?† I stared at him. â€Å"Mind if I call you Wanda, for short? It flows easier.† He waited this time for a response. Finally, I shrugged. It didn't matter to me whether he called me â€Å"kid† or some strange human nickname. I believed it was meant kindly. â€Å"Okay, then, Wanda.† He smiled, pleased at his invention. â€Å"It's nice to have a handle on you. Makes me feel like we're old friends.† He grinned that huge, cheek-stretching grin, and I couldn't help grinning back, though my smile was more rueful than delighted. He was supposed to be my enemy. He was probably insane. And he was my friend. Not that he wouldn't kill me if things turned out that way, but he wouldn't like doing it. With humans, what more could you ask of a friend?

Fate vs. Freewill – Romeo and Juliet

Till one of their choices they make brings an end to the both of them. Ultimately, Shakespeare Is showing us In the play that we are humans all act on our own freewill. When Romeo goes to the Caplet party, it was pretty obvious that he made the choice to go himself. Romeo knew it wasn't right to go to his enemy's party and he knew that if he got caught then things won't end well. Romeo was imagining all the bad things that happen If he went in and to back It up he told Mercuric about the dream he had. The dream was about something bad happening. Like for example: his death.Nobody forced Romeo to in to the Caplet party. He made the decisions himself. Fate kind of played a part warning him that it, might not be safe going to the party. But Romeo has a mind of his own and his mind made the choice to go and Just ignore the warning. After the party and when Romeo and Juliet meet, they fell In love and decided to get married. It wasn't an arranged marriage, It was pretty straight-forward t hat they both wanted to be with each other. Their plan was to be married at Friar Laurence ell without anyone knowing, the only exception was the Nurse and Friar Laurence. If thy bent of love be honorable. Thy purpose marriage, send me word to-morrow, By one that I'll procure to come to thee, Where and what time thou wilt perform rite. † (Shakespeare, 95) Romeo and Juliet decided themselves that they were going to get married to each other, knowing that their parents would not approve. Fate did not bring them to this decision. It was the act of freewill that bought them to come to this decision. After the marriage Romeo gets banished and Juliet decides to â€Å"take† her life so she an be with Romeo.She finds out she is to marry Paris (after she already married Romeo) and she doesn't want to. She then seeks help from Friar Laurence at his cell and then threatens to really kill herself If he does not help. He then gives her fake poison so she may appear dead and then he will send for Romeo to come and be there for when Juliet wakes up. She was very skeptical about taking the fake poison because she wondered if it was real poison and she had so many thoughts about the plan and how it might not work. She was right, the plan went awry and didn't very well. Tell me not, Friar, that thou hearts of this, unless thou tell me how I may prevent It. If In thy wisdom thou cants give no help, Do thou but call my resolution wise, And with this knife I'll help It presently. † (Shakespeare) It was pretty clear that Gullet 010 not want to marry earls, so seen desperately made ten console nearest to Take her death. There were other options that she could've have chose from. Like for example: marry Paris instead and forget about Romeo because no one else knew bout her marrying Romeo.But she decided to take it to an extreme because she loves Romeo that much. Through all the conflict that happened within Romeo and Juliet shows us that fate does not set a road fo r us to take and that freewill gives us choices that we have to make ourselves. We as humans all act on our own freewill, we make choices; some are good and some are bad. This is probably why the play: Romeo and Juliet is relevant to today's lifestyle. We as humans live our lives learning from the choices and decisions that we make.

Effects Divorce Has on Children Essay Example

Effects Divorce Has on Children Essay Example Effects Divorce Has on Children Essay Effects Divorce Has on Children Essay Pablo Del Toro Ms. Wedemeyer ENG 101. 600/601 12 July 2010 Divorce Affecting Children More than half of all relationships in the Unites States result in a divorce. It is not only emotional and devastating for the couple but this also has a huge effect on the children involved. Many parents that go through these crises lack the knowledge of the effects that their children may go through. They may not know the internal and external effects that may happen through the eyes of a child. When divorce happens in a child’s environment many feelings start to take place. Some may have feelings of confusion and some may express themselves through anger. A child may have a conduct disorder to express their feelings of hurtfulness and sorrow, the child may show signs of impulsivity and hyperactivity which may lead to antisocialism. These are many signs that can be easily seen in children, but there are other feelings that may not be as noticeable by a child like depression and anxiety. These feelings lead many children to lower cognitive and social competence. Therefore lower social competence children may start to have academic problems that may lead to many obstacles throughout the child’s life. Many studies showed that a child that had experienced divorce showed lower IQ results in reading, spelling, and math than a child with an intact family. Many teachers noticed that students who came from divorce families were more likely to be given â€Å"lower teacher ratings of academic achievement, independent learning, involvement, and intellectual dependency† (Grych par. 8). This was not the only problems divorce children showed but they also stood out in class as being the one that always would disturb others, this distracted other kids in class and became a major problem to teachers. Since many children experience divorce at a young age these effects seem to carry on throughout their life, many experience â€Å"poorer school performances and less ambitious education plans, fewer had a high school education and more of them were employed† (Aro p 424). There are factors that do specify how a child may act; one of these factors is gender. There are studies that do show that boys tend to act a little more different than girls. Boys tend to be more aggressive and have a bad conduct while girls are the ones that tend to be shyer and get depressed and may have a lower self esteem. In girls, studies show that â€Å"at age 22, 17. 4% of the daughters from divorce families scored for depression in the S-BDI, compared with 11. 5% of the daughters from nondivorced families† (Aro p 424). For boys the same study was done and showed that â€Å"sons were 14. 0% vs. 7. %† (Aro p 424). Age is another factor that explains the way humans act when a divorce occurs. In young children their of understanding why certain things happen are not quite clear and this may lead to a child blaming themselves for their parents’ divorce or even having the fear of being abandoned. A child that is in their elementary years has a little more knowledge and there behaviors may be more concerned in the concept of why their parents le ft each other and may long for their departure resulting in depression. When a child is at an older age they â€Å"express greater anger about the divorce, tend to blame one of the parents for the divorce, and may develop somatic symptoms† (Grych par 12). Regardless of any age difference the ones that have the most impact are the younger children. Economic status also has a huge effect in a child’s life. When a family stays together there are typically two ways of income, one from the father and one from the mother. Both of these incomes become one and when the parents divide the income is split. This is where a child’s environment changes and many stress factors come in place. One factor that greatly influences a child’s life is the way a divorce is handled by the parents. Every parent goes through the process of custody. A parent should try to never fight over who is going to take the child in front of the child. The preferred way of doing things is to obtain a mediator. This person whom the two adults hire is a person that they will talk and figure out and come to an understanding of what both parents want instead of fighting over the issues in a court room and having the judge decide the outcome for them. Research shows that â€Å"mediation decreases the likelihood of litigations after the final divorce decree and leads to a higher rate of pretrial agreements and to greater satisfaction with the divorce process among divorcing couples† (Grynch par 77). This is a crucial aspect in the family’s life because this is the turning point that decides when and how often the child is going to get to see each parent. The second important factor is the discipline each parent brings to their children. Research shows that both parent genders have different ways of disciplining the child after a divorce happens. A mother whom has the most custody over her child tends to have fewer demands on behavior resulting in very few monitoring of her children and tend to have a decrease in communication. Studies show that mothers tend to be â€Å"more inconsistent in their discipline, had less positive relationships with their children, and made fewer maturity demands† (Marjorie p 146) . As for fathers they tend to be more permissive and indulgent and this may result in children being obeying and following the house rules. There are many support groups that can help parents deal with the hardships of divorce like the â€Å"Stolberg Cullen† program. This program is 10 sessions long and focuses on â€Å"problems faced by custodial parents, common emotional responses to divorce, and methods for helping ex-spouses develop a cooperative coparental relationship after the divorce† (Grynch par 50). There are other groups that help divorce parents like; â€Å"Wolchik, Westover, Sandler, and Balls†, Kessler Beyond Divorce program†, and â€Å"Bloom, Hodges, Kern, McFaddin† program. All of these programs have goals to improve â€Å"discipline skills, improving communication between parents and children and between former spouses, and controlling feelings† (Grinch par 53). There are also groups for children that have experienced divorce. These groups are made to â€Å"help children by alleviating the negative feelings, misconceptions, and practical problems† (Grinch par 17). One type of group is an environment that involves sessions with four to ten children in a group. This group is meant to help the child not feel alone and helps the child understand that other children like them are going through the same; the child may also feel more comfortable sharing their experience with people their same age. Another type of group is done in school; this is a erfect method to give more children an opportunity to meet with a counselor or a case worker. Many children that come from lower income families do not have the privilege to get this kind of help and by schools doing this it lets many children receive the help and support they may need. Another good aspect of the school method is that since everything is done in school the counselor and the teacher s have a better understanding of how the child is doing on a daily basis because it is easy for the teacher and counselor to communicate what is going on throughout the school day. More than half of all relationships in the Unites States result in a divorce. It is not only emotional and devastating for the couple but this also has a huge effect on the children involved. Many parents that go through these crises lack the knowledge of the effects that their children may go through. They may not know the internal and external effects that may happen through the eyes of a child. Aro, Hillevi M. , and Ulla K. Palosaari. Parental divorce, adolescence, and transition to young adulthood: A follow-up study. Ebscohost. US: American Orthopsychiatric Association, Inc. , 01 Dec. 1992. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. . Grych, John H. Interventions for children of divorce: Toward greater integration of research and action. Ebscohost. US: American Psychological Association, 01 Aug. 1992. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. . Marjorie, Pett A. , Bruce E. Wampold, Charles W. Turner, and Beth Vaughan-Cole. Paths of influence of divorce on preschool childrens psychosocial adjustment. Ebscohost 19990701. US: American Psychological Association, 1 July 1999. Web. 16 N

Environmental Impact Of Shipping Essay Example

Environmental Impact Of Shipping Essay Example Environmental Impact Of Shipping Paper Environmental Impact Of Shipping Paper It was tasked with evolving the technical basis for the reduction mechanisms that may form part of a future IMO regime to control greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping, and a draft of the actual reduction mechanisms themselves, for further consideration by Amos Marine Environment Protection Committee (MOPE) Ballast water Ballast water discharges by ships can have a negative impact on the marine environment. Cruise ships, large tankers, and bulk cargo carriers use a huge amount of ballast water, which is often taken on in the coastal waters in one region after ships discharge wastewater or unload cargo, and discharged at he next port of call, wherever more cargo is loaded. Ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria. These materials often include non-native, nuisance, invasive, exotic species that can cause extensive ecological and economic damage to aquatic ecosystems along with serious human health problems. Sound pollution Noise pollution caused by shipping and other human enterprises has increased in recent history. The noise produced by ships can travel long distances, and marine species who may rely on sound for their orientation, immunization, and feeding, can be harmed by this sound pollution The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species has identified ocean noise as a potential threat to marine life. Wildlife collisions Marine mammals, such a whales and manatees, risk being struck by ships, causing injury and death. For example, if a ship is traveling at a speed of only 15 knots, there is a 79 percent chance of a collision being lethal to a whale. [9] One notable example of the impact of ship collisions is the endangered North Atlantic right whale, of which 400 or less remain. The greatest danger to the North Atlantic right whale is injury sustained from ship strikes. [9] Between 1970 and 1999, 35. 5 percent of recorded deaths Were attributed to collisions. [l O] During 1 999 to 2003, incidents of mortality and serious injury attributed to ship strikes averaged one per year. In 2004 to 2006, that number increased to 2. 6. [11] Deaths from collisions has become an extinction threat. [1 2] Atmospheric pollution Exhaust gases from ships are considered to be a significant source of air pollution, both for conventional pollutants and greenhouse gases. There is a perception that cargo transport by ship is low in air pollutants, because for equal weight and distance it is the most efficient transport method, according to shipping researcher Amy Bows-Larkin. 1 3] This is particularly true in comparison to air freight; however, because sea shipment accounts for far more annual tonnage and the distances are often large, shippings emissions are globally substantial. [1 3] A difficulty is that the year-on-year increasing amount shipping evenness gains in efficiency, such as from slow-steaming or the use of kites. The growth in tone-kilometers of sea shipment has averaged 4 perceptually since the sass. [14] and it has grown by a factor of 5 since the sass. 3] There a re now over 100,000 transport ships at sea, of which about 6,000 are large container ships. [13] General requirements for pollution prevention in the marine environment Most international regulations on marine pollution come from the 1 973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (AMORAL), which was updated in 1978. AMORAL was developed by the International Maritime Organization (l MO) and is aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution from ships both accidental and from routine operations. There have been a number Of amendments to the Convention since it was first produced, and AMORAL now has six technical annexes covering marine pollution by: oil noxious liquid substances carried in bulk harmful substances carried in packaged form sewage from ships garbage from ships air pollution from ships Prevention of marine pollution by garbage and sewage The disposal of garbage and sewage from ships is a major environmental issue, and Annexes IV and V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships were developed to address this. Within the KICK, Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Pollution by Garbage) Regulations 1 998 were developed to address this and were updated in 2008 to reflect changes add to the system internationally. You can [download MGM 385 (M+F) Guidance on the Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Pollution by Sewage and Garbage from Ships) Regulations 2008(HTTPS://www. Gob. Westernmost/ publications/ MGM n -385-prevention-of-pollution-by-sewage-and-garbage-from- ships-regulations-2008) under these Regulations: every ship of 12 meters or more must display placards informing crew and passengers about disposal ARQ reorients for garbage every ship of 400 gross tones or certificated for 1 5 passengers or more must have a garbage management plan and maintain a garbage record book The Regulations also pacify that vessels covered by the regulations must have at least one of the following: a sewage treatment plant which complies with the Merchant Shipping (Marine Equipment) Regulations 1 999 a sewage commutin g and disinfecting system, with facilities for temporary storage of sewage a holding tank for the retention of sewage which has sufficient capacity and has a visual indicator of the amount of its contents Air pollution and ozone-depleting substances Air pollution from ships, and in particular the emission of sulfur and nitrogen compounds (SOX and Knox) and ozone-depleting substances (ODDS) is trickily controlled by regulations that implement the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (AMORAL) and its various annexes and protocols. AMORAL Annex VI, which is specifically about air pollution, has 19 separate regulations, as well as a Code for controlling nitrogen oxide emissions.

How To Get Your Content To Rank On Google With Tim Soulo Of Ahrefs

How To Get Your Content To Rank On Google With Tim Soulo Of Ahrefs Planning and creating content that ranks well on the search engines can be difficult. It comes down to keyword selection and use, but that’s not all. You’ve heard the expression, â€Å"content is king,† and that’s still true: Your success has everything to do with the value and uniqueness that your content has to offer the people who will be seeing it! Today, we’re talking to Tim Soulo, the head of marketing and product strategy at Ahrefs. Tim knows how to create valuable content, and today he’s going to share his best tips on finding keywords, promoting your content, and standing out from your competition. Information about Ahrefs and what Tim does there. The most successful content produced by Ahrefs: the types of articles and pieces, as well as how they promote and analyze them. Tips on ranking for not only your core keyword, but also relevant keywords. The process Tim uses for coming up with content ideas. What it takes to outperform your competition. Why it’s important for an SEO marketer to do research that no other blog has written about or compiled. Tim’s thoughts on length and why it might not be important in the way that you are thinking. Tim also talks about long â€Å"ultimate guides† and gives his advice on making them more user-friendly. How to use backlinks to promote a piece to help it rank. Links: Tim Soulo Ahrefs How to Do Keyword Research for SEO How to Submit Your Website to Search Engines Send a screenshot of your iTunes review to podcast@.com If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Tim: â€Å"The only way to outdo, to outperform the competition is to offer something unique and something better than they have.† â€Å"You have to have something to offer which wasn’t published, which wasn’t said before you. You usually need to be at the forefront of your industry you need to be a so-called thought leader.† â€Å"It’s not about trying to crank everything you can into the article, its about delivering value and persuading people that you can solve their problem in as [few] words as possible.†

Professional Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Professional Application - Essay Example Nevertheless, Houston represents a booming market for Steve Madden with a high proportion of working population with higher incomes. The paper reviews the internal and external situational factors affecting Steve Madden. The insights offered by this research can provide a basis for further in-depth research regarding the competitive position of Steve Madden. Keywords: Steve Madden; positioning; target market; marketing efforts Introduction The small business chosen for the purpose of this essay is Steve Madden which has a strong retail presence in Houston, Texas. Steve Madden enjoys a strong foothold in the footwear industry and is primarily known for the novelty of its products at a reasonable price. This paper discusses the competitive and marketing landscape for Steve Madden along with the economic, social, technological and demographic factors affecting the business. Part 1: Situation Analysis Product/Service Overview – strengths, weaknesses Steve Madden offers an assorted range of accessories and shoes for men, women and children. It enjoys high brand equity by virtue of its cutting edge styles and fashion statements (Zappos.com, 2013). Another strength is that the products are sold through the company’s own stores, department stores as well as company website, thereby increasing availability of its products. Furthermore, the price matches quality thereby offering value for money for customers. However, the products remain beyond the reach for majority of the customers. Also, repetitive styles result in monotony. Current positioning in the market Steve Madden has positioned itself on the bridge between high-end and mid-range fashion. It currently enjoys a dominant market position with Steve Madden being ranked second to Nike as the customer’s preferred footwear brand (from 2002-2007) (Piper Jaffray Companies, 2013). Target Market Steve Madden targets a broad range of customers. Its core market for women ranges from 16-45 years whereas the sub brand â€Å"Stevies† is focused on girls aged 6-12 years (T. Sloan, personal communication, September 02, 2013). The target market for men includes those aged 20-40 years (T. Sloan, personal communication, September 02, 2013). These individuals are primarily fashion conscious individuals with high annual incomes but do not want to splurge in expensive, high-end fashion. Less expensive knock-offs are offered for such customers. Current marketing efforts (traditional, interactive, etc.), messages and effectiveness The company’s marketing efforts can best be described as both traditional and interactive. It has partnered with Katy Perry under â€Å"Steve Madden Music† campaign which also featured live performance by Shwayze, a rapper. The company is actively engaged in mobile marketing as well as digital marketing through Facebook where customer feedback is taken via comments on videos, pictures and other content posted by the company. Google ad words and T witter are also used to broaden sharing of Steve Madden’s content and deepening relationships with customers. Part 2: Competition The three major competitors for Steve Madden are BCBG, Nike and Nine West. These shall now be analyzed one by one. BCBG- Product/Service Overview – strengths, weaknesses Primarily known for its high quality, fashionable apparel, BCBG has increased its offerings to include handbags, shoes and accessories thereby offering high product variety. The mid-range price points appeal to a broad range of

An Analysis of the Common Theme of Physical Violence in A Short Essay

An Analysis of the Common Theme of Physical Violence in A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies and Titus Andronicus - Essay Example "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies" depicts colonization and Europeanization of the American Indians by Spaniards. Euroamerican settlement of the West accelerated, the government abandoned gradualism in favor of comprehensive programs for assimilation. The savage, noble or ignoble, was judged capable of civilization. Those who embraced it would be welcomed into mainstream society. Those who balked would nevertheless be compelled to behave. In a short time, no more than a generation, the old ways would die out. The savage would disappear with the passing of the frontier. Instead of a geographical expression, the West became, in the imaginations of Americans stranded in the cities and towns, a wild region inhabited by even wilder humans, some white and brown, but most red. Casas depicts: "Guacanagari himself died up in the mountains, broken and destitute, after he had fled to escape the massacres and the cruelty inflicted by the Spaniards, and all the other local leaders who owed allegiance to Guacanagar perished " (20). The kind of historical criticism which has laid itself most open to attack has based its conclusions on limited data and unwarranted assumptions; thus it has been essentially unhistorical. Shakespeare He shapes the character of Aaron as an independent force of evil, rather than as a mere agent of the queen. He introduces the parallel with Ovid's tale of Philomela, and he adds the final triumph of justice and order with the return of Lucius to Rome, in spite of the inconsistency which this involves, for there is no reason for a Goth army to serve Lucius against their own queen. Shakespeare also makes of Marcus a virtual chorus to comment upon the action as the play unfolds. His most important innovation is in his conception of the principal characters and their relations to one another. Titus Andronicus is a commanding figure. He is a great and initially virtuous man, the first of Shakespeare's heroic figures whose very virtues are the source of their sins. In many ways he is a forerunner of Coriolanus. Titus embodies all the ancient Roman virtues: 'A nobler man, a braver warrior, / Lives not this day within the city walls' (I.i.25-26). He has given his life and his so ns unselfishly in the cause of his country. He might now be emperor, but he respects hereditary right and chooses Satuminus instead. He is stern and he is proud, the master of his family, the last of the ancient Romans. In contrast to heroes themes presented by Shakespeare, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies creates a negative image of the Spanish colonizers and cruelties committed by them against peaceful population. In their thoughts about the West and its original populations, Spanish colonizers variously imagined an Indian to be a noble savage, a rapacious killer, a reservation idler, the vanishing American, or a war-bonneted equestrian raider of the plains. The last image proved to be the most persuasive and, given Indian portrayals in motion pictures and television

The Achievement of Desire by Richard Rodriguez Essay

The Achievement of Desire by Richard Rodriguez - Essay Example Both parents were unable to assist him in his assignments. They have no knowledge to share with. They cannot relate to his unexplainable desire to learn and succeed. They were even the source of his humiliation in school for not being able to write, much more speak in clear and grammatically-correct English. They did not even have the idea of the nature of his accomplishments, his trophies and awards . . . but they were surely proud of him though Richard was not. Despite this, his parents were truly supportive of him and his endeavors. They never complained of his lack of participation in the household chores, his diminishing respect towards his parents during short conversations, his increasing expenses brought about by his refusal to stop reading even during nighttime that required additional electrical expenses, and so on. Richard on the other hand seemed to grow more impatient about his parents’ situation and their behavior. He felt ashamed upon hearing his parents talk in a way that his teachers in school totally abhor. There were times when he felt compelled to directly teach (or preach) his parents in his frustrating attempt to correct their attitude, more so their grammar. Richard seemed to forget that his parents were not Americans, thus, their mistakes in grammar and diction. He also seemed to forget that his parents did not receive higher education, not because of their own fault, but because their parents failed to give them the opportunity to attend formal school at the proper time. What Richard had in mind during the early part of the essay was that it was shameful to have them as parents and they will never contribute to his dream of success. The Achievement of Desire 2 Contrary thereto, Richard looked up to his teachers as his idols. He appreciated his teachers’ manner of communicating, their seemingly endless flow of ideas, their educated manner of presenting themselves, and almost everything about them. Thus, at an early age, Ric hard came to a conclusion that the easiest way to succeed is to mimic his teachers. He listened to them carefully, tried to understand and memorize their statements, and used exactly the same sentences in class. He did everything to get his teachers’ appreciation and approval. Every small achievement that he made, whether it was mere reading of a good book, or a citation in a competition, he proudly and timely reported to his teachers, with the expectation that they would complement and appreciate him, to the dismay of his classmates. On the contrary, he never made the same effort toward his parents. Despite his awareness that his parents will surely be proud of any achievement he had, he underestimated their capacity to understand the nature of his accomplishments. He never regarded his parents’ appreciation as something to be proud of. What was more important to him was the appreciation of his learned and educated teachers. Richard took every opportunity to learn. He did not stop learning in school. Even when he was home, he would bring books with him and read them. In the same way that he appreciated his teachers, Richard took note of the ideas he got from his readings. And as expected, he made use of these lines in his recitations and reports. Truly, the lessons he learned from his teachers and books were reflected in his writings. However, it is disheartening to learn that Richard came to realize the true meaning of success and knowledge quite belatedly. He was already in his thirties when he learned to confront himself and accept his negative side. Although quite late, Richard accepted the fact that he was not a good student after all. He had lots of ideas, but none of them were original. They The

Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Analysis - Case Study Example The customer loyalty gained by this company emanates from the trust bestowed upon its good intentions and commitment to sharing the music experience with the community both locally and beyond. Although sharing a similar financial history, the companys principal competitors include the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra both of which have operated at deficits in the past. San Francisco Symphony has a high corporate strategy that appreciates its current position, its future aspirations and aims at defining the means of getting to its destination. Under its business strategy, the symphony can be said to have a good long-term plan on how to achieve its strategic objectives by the year 2018. In terms of its human resources, the company takes pride in the rich experience of its director, president and board members as a reliable, functional strategy for both its planning, development and marketing needs. The symphonys superior music experience in terms of recording and performance make up its strengths (Hall & Taylor, 2014). However, the consistent deficits and periodic poor financial performance is a weakness that must be improved to make the companyâ⠂¬â„¢s future brighter. Considering the customer base, and its good leadership, the Symphony has an open opportunity for growth. However, competition and the unionization of the music industry are major threats. An analysis of the competitiveness of the company, the ethical issues that arise in its operations, its financial status and the overall framework shall be made with the aim of establishing its actual position. The competitive analysis will adopt the Porters Five Forces analysis and the VRIO framework. The unstable financial stability of the company marked by consistent deficits will be deeply analysed. The study will endeavour to make recommendations that can improve the company in both its corporate, business and functional strategies. Through its

Caring for the Elderly Adult with Diabetes Research Paper

Caring for the Elderly Adult with Diabetes - Research Paper Example There are a number of important nursing practise points that are important in providing good care for elderly adults with diabetes and their families. There are a number of reasons for choosing this topic. Firstly, diabetes affects almost 2.4 million Canadians (Government of Canada, 2011) and many more are thought to be undiagnosed. Not only that, but patients with diabetes are three times more likely to be hospitalized due to cardiac disease and twenty times more likely to need a non-trauma lower limb amputation (Government of Canada, 2011). Although these are just statistics, they do give a real feel for the potentially devastating impact that diabetes can have on the elderly adult and their families, and I think it’s increasingly important (as chronic disease becomes more common) to understand the best nursing practise guidelines to help prevent the complications of diabetes. Not only that, but many family members are not aware of the problems that diabetes can cause, and t herefore it’s important that a nurse is well-informed to answer questions about diabetes to allow best care in the home. The Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario (RNAO) have issued a number of guidelines with respect to practical nursing and adults with diabetes mellitus. One of these concerns the best practise in reducing foot complications, which includes foot care education for the patient as well as frequent check-ups. Another guideline concerns best management of foot ulcers in diabetes patient. The final guideline concerns the subcutaneous administration of insulin in adults with type 2 diabetes, which is particularly important in that patients and families may need to be educated on this as maintenance of insulin levels is vital (RNAO, 2011). The College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO) also publish guidelines for the utilization of nurses working with adults with diabetes, and suggest that nurses may play an important role in directing diabetes management progra ms for the patient as well as advising patients on other matters (CNO, 2011). Evidently, practical nursing care needs to incorporate aspects of diabetes management, in part because it is so common and in part because the nurse can play such a vital role in preventing complications Evidently, the topic of diabetes is important to the sufferer and their family, as they will wish to know as much about the condition as they can to help prevent complications and to ensure that they stay as healthy as possible (Rother, 2007). In understanding diabetes management and care, the patient can ensure that they follow medication protocol, have a healthy diet and watch closely for signs of foot ulcers, vision loss and other complications (Rother, 2007). By doing this, the patient can inevitably prolong their life, and perhaps even reduce the severity of their diabetes (Ceriello, Ihnat & Thorpe, 2009). Both the patient and the relevant family members may need to be guided on how to intravenously i nject insulin if it is needed for their care, as this can be a complex procedure and is important in management of some cases (Rother, 2007). All of these issues have been highlighted by the RNAO Best Practice Guideline mentioned above, and therefore all nurses should be aware of how important it is for the patient and th

Interpersonal Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Interpersonal Communication - Essay Example There are some ways through which this conflict can be stated as good. For instance, this conflict shall influence all team members to be focused on group work. On the other hand, it would also be beneficial in individual context since team members shall be more responsible.Different individuals do not perceive things in same manner. I might consider things from completely different perspective which is not aligned with viewpoint of other team members. This can also be one of the reasons behind identified interpersonal conflict.There was prolonged conflict because I believed that there was no fault of mine. I did not communicate with my team member appropriately to determine the reasons behind such behavior. I kept on arguing in that situation where understanding was essential between both of us.I did possess a set of realistic goals in this scenario. We all were putting in our efforts so that we succeed in our career path. The only objective of mine in this argument was to make him realize that apart from expertise, professionalism is a key criterion to achieve set performance standards.I was to certain extent trying to win this conflict because my team member was reluctant to accept his fault. The disagreement continued because I could not trust his unrealistic excuses for not attending group presentation on time.Conflict resolution can be considered as a critical phenomenon. This is simply because it is difficult to predict behavior of an individual with whom one has entered into a conflict.

Caring for the Elderly Adult with Diabetes Research Paper

Caring for the Elderly Adult with Diabetes - Research Paper Example There are a number of important nursing practise points that are important in providing good care for elderly adults with diabetes and their families. There are a number of reasons for choosing this topic. Firstly, diabetes affects almost 2.4 million Canadians (Government of Canada, 2011) and many more are thought to be undiagnosed. Not only that, but patients with diabetes are three times more likely to be hospitalized due to cardiac disease and twenty times more likely to need a non-trauma lower limb amputation (Government of Canada, 2011). Although these are just statistics, they do give a real feel for the potentially devastating impact that diabetes can have on the elderly adult and their families, and I think it’s increasingly important (as chronic disease becomes more common) to understand the best nursing practise guidelines to help prevent the complications of diabetes. Not only that, but many family members are not aware of the problems that diabetes can cause, and t herefore it’s important that a nurse is well-informed to answer questions about diabetes to allow best care in the home. The Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario (RNAO) have issued a number of guidelines with respect to practical nursing and adults with diabetes mellitus. One of these concerns the best practise in reducing foot complications, which includes foot care education for the patient as well as frequent check-ups. Another guideline concerns best management of foot ulcers in diabetes patient. The final guideline concerns the subcutaneous administration of insulin in adults with type 2 diabetes, which is particularly important in that patients and families may need to be educated on this as maintenance of insulin levels is vital (RNAO, 2011). The College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO) also publish guidelines for the utilization of nurses working with adults with diabetes, and suggest that nurses may play an important role in directing diabetes management progra ms for the patient as well as advising patients on other matters (CNO, 2011). Evidently, practical nursing care needs to incorporate aspects of diabetes management, in part because it is so common and in part because the nurse can play such a vital role in preventing complications Evidently, the topic of diabetes is important to the sufferer and their family, as they will wish to know as much about the condition as they can to help prevent complications and to ensure that they stay as healthy as possible (Rother, 2007). In understanding diabetes management and care, the patient can ensure that they follow medication protocol, have a healthy diet and watch closely for signs of foot ulcers, vision loss and other complications (Rother, 2007). By doing this, the patient can inevitably prolong their life, and perhaps even reduce the severity of their diabetes (Ceriello, Ihnat & Thorpe, 2009). Both the patient and the relevant family members may need to be guided on how to intravenously i nject insulin if it is needed for their care, as this can be a complex procedure and is important in management of some cases (Rother, 2007). All of these issues have been highlighted by the RNAO Best Practice Guideline mentioned above, and therefore all nurses should be aware of how important it is for the patient and th

Critical Perspectives of Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Critical Perspectives of Power - Essay Example The origins of power can be understood from medieval businesses where there were smaller organizations and fewer employees in each of them. Typically, an individual learnt a trade and plied his craft, selling his services to others and accumulating capital; in the course of his journey occasionally, he had opportunities to expand and launch his own enterprise. A mixture of hard work and serendipity sometimes enabled such journeymen to become masters. In effect, they became owners or owner-managers and employed people to work for their business enterprise. In essence, we find that an individual, in his early days as an apprentice bows to a power center, who for all practical purposes is his master or supervisor; later on there is an opportunity to be the authority or one who now wields power himself. We now trace different viewpoints as observed through the lens of three different theorists Weber (1978) had a clear construct of power. According to him, power flowed through a bureaucratic setup where people and processes were clearly defined. People were endowed with certain powers to approve or reject petitions and they exercised it as per the written code of conduct. Effectively, no one could flout the rigor and the organizational hierarchy to get work done. Power being legitimized through the form of organizational structures, there were no methods or actions that could challenge it. Perhaps, we can visualize it as a one-way street, where everything was clearly spelt out and there was no possibility of dialogue or dissent. Viewed from another angle, power was domination and any overt or covert resistance was construed as a form of insubordination and sanctions were imposed. Bachrach & Baratz (1963, 1970) had a different interpretation. We take this as the second dimension of power. They posited that power was associated with decisions and non-decisions. Power was cons trued as a process where the issues or problems were excluded from decision-making. Subordinates are not allowed to participate in the decision-making process through various stratagems adopted by people in higher positions of authority. The use of these channels has been described as non-decisions. In scenarios such as these, the powerful actors are able to determine outcomes from behind the scenes. A critical perspective would perhaps hint at this construction as a subtle, non-offensive use of power. Yet, it clearly denotes that there are invisible barriers. On one side, there are people who can take decisions; on the other side, there are subordinates or people who may be in conflict but forced to accept the decisions of the top management team. The third dimension was put forth by Lukes (1974) who argued that power could not be interpreted in the light of conflicts alone. He opined that power could be used to quell dissent and conflicting viewpoints by shaping the perceptions an d cognitions of people. This could be done in a subtle manner so that people accept

Edgar Allen Poe Essay Example for Free

Edgar Allen Poe Essay Five Paragraph Essay Have you ever wondered about Edgar Allen Poes literary elements or themes? Read the stories called The Tell-Tale Heart , The Cask of Amontillado , Annabell Lee, and The Bells . Poes desired effects was to scare the audience from the story, Poe used a writing style called gothic horror. The first literary element seen by Poe was death. In the story of The Cask Of Amontillado the Fortunado suffocates . Another death occurs in the story of The Tell-Tale Heart , when the narrator kills the old man in the middle of the night. The story called The Bells the mother died of a disease. Poe creates horror because the deaths in the stories are unexpected. The second literary element seen by Poe was obsession. The Cask of Amontillado the Montresor is obsessed with getting his revenge. In The Tell-Tale Heart the narrator is obsessed over the old mans eye. The story of Annabell Lee he was obsessed with his wife. This creates horror because obsession is not a usual thing seen in other stories. The third literary element seen by Poe was insanity. The Tell-Tale Heart the narrator goes insane over the old mans eye. The story The Bells , the people in the town grow insanity from bells chiming.

Comparing Atkins and Balance Energy Bars :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essays

Comparing Atkins and Balance Energy Bars   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many are fascinated by the various diets in society; people want to lose weight by finding a reliable method that will ensure results. Two common diets include the Atkins Diet and the Zone Diet. Both of these have energy bars that contain the nutrients need to meet the diets specific requirements. In the article â€Å"Glycemic and Insulinemic responses to energy bars of differing macronutrient composition in healthy adults,† by Steven Hetzler and Veonsoo Kim, a study was conducted that compared the different energy bars. The study looked at equal proportions of these bars to see their effects on glycemic and insulinemic levels. This paper will be focusing on the differences between the Atkins and Balance Energy Bars and the effect they have on glycemic and insulin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Atkins Diet contains a low amount of carbohydrates, whereas the Zone Diet has the components of a 40% carbohydrate, 30% protein, and 30% fat breakdown. The energy bars associated with these diet influences the glycemic and insulin levels in the body. By having a reduction of glycemic and insulin levels in the body affects a diet. By having low glucose levels this will ultimately lead to weight loss. This happens either through the removal of carbohydrates or by substituting low glycemic index carbohydrates for higher ones. In doing this the higher level of insulin will be reduced, for example high blood cholesterol levels will go down.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To test the insulin and glycemic levels the energy bars contain the study had 20 healthy adult participants. They were split into groups receiving 1 of 5 test meals; 1 being low carbohydrates, 2) moderate carbohydrates, 3) high carbohydrates, 4) white bread, and 5) chicken breast. Chicken breast was the negative control since it contains no carbohydrates, whereas white bread was the positive control. Test meals 1) with the low carbohydrates, include the Atkins Energy Bar, and test meal 2) includes the Balance Energy Bar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to see the levels of the glucose and insulin after consuming the bars blood samples were taken and analyzed. In this experiment the Atkins energy bar produced the lowest glucose results.

The Legitimacy of Electronic Scholarly Publishing Essay -- Argumentati

The Legitimacy of Electronic Scholarly Publishing At most institutions of higher learning in the United States and worldwide the emphasis is placed on the depth and breadth of the institution's research, at least as far as the institution's reputation and renown are concerned. An institution that does not produce much scholarly research in the form of conference activity or publication activity will not carry the same high regard as an institution which is much more involved in conference participation and publication. Sometimes individual state institutions are regarded as having powerful personas if they have established and maintained their university presses, but other universities do not have the funding nor the personnel to attempt such an endeavor and must seek other venues for touting their scholarly accomplishments. While most scholarly publishing is in the traditional print medium, a growing number of scholarly publications are finding new offices in the new technology, either in the form of e-books or online scholarly journals. With the advent of the Internet and the World Wide Web, traditional print publications are having to decide if they want to ride the "information superhighway" or simply lag behind in a horse-drawn carriage. Some traditional media—television, radio, newspapers, and magazines—have tested the waters by providing online access to some of their features. Similarly, some scholarly journals, convinced that a foray into electronic publication does not mean lower revenues nor higher costs, have also decided to continue their traditional publication while including access to selectively chosen features. The American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiol... ...text Journal.† Serials Review. 22.1(Spring 1998): 1-19. MasterFILE Premier. Ebscohost. Galileo. http://www.galileo.usg.edu Sweeney, Aldrin E. "E-Scholarship and Electronic Publishing in the Twenty-First Century: Implications for the Academic Community." Education Media International. 38.1 (March 2001): 25-38. Academic Search Premier. Ebscohost. Galileo. http://galileo.usg.edu Tomlins, Christopher L. â€Å"The Wave of the Present: The Printed Scholarly Journal on the Edge of the Internet.† Journal of Scholarly Publishing. 29.3(April 1998): 133-150. Academic Search Premier. Ebscohost. Galileo. http://galileo.usg.edu Wills, Mathew, and Wills, Gordon. "The Ins and the Outs of Electronic Publishing." Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing. 11.1 (1996): 90-104. MasterFILE Premier. Ebscohost. Galileo. <http://galileo.usg.edu>

Practical Education vs Theoretical Education Essay

Nepal is backward in education system till today’s modern times due to the theoretical knowledge and rote learning. Theoretical education is based on text books and Practical education is based on various types of skills and technique. In Nepal, most priority is given to the theoretical education rather than practical as curriculum is based on it. Some of schools has adopted the practical approach of teaching-learning activities but majority are lacking. Theoretical education priorities only on the texts books and it is exam-oriented as well. Most of the contents or topics of our curriculum is not useful in our very life. Moreover, one of my friends told me that Nepal can never make a progress until and unless this (theoretical) education system is modified. I’m too totally agree with my friend view that if the curriculum or education pattern is not alter, country would be in same condition as it is, for more few years. Till now, we are adopting traditional approach of educational practice based on theory. Likewise, Rote Learning is an technique which avoids understanding of a subject and instead focusing on memorization. Rote learning is often view as a bad practice which is not good for the students. It makes students dull, unskilled, less creativity and many more. In Nepal, If the students don’t understood the topic, teacher encourages students for rote learning rather teaching the contents thoroughly from the first. In addition to, Practical education supports students’ to grab up skills which helps them to stand independently in any jobs and works. They will able to learn by understanding and doing practically in their life. Teachers also must use the practical methods of teaching day to day which helps to bring creativeness to students and make the students provide suitable logic and understanding about the subject matter. Rote Learning is practiced in subjects like Science, Social and Nepali. However, the new trend has been discovered which involves the rote learning  of subjects like Math. Students couldn’t understand the methods taught by teacher because of less practical method. So, they rote learn them by mathematical methods. To conclude, it seems that the necessity of the practical based education in Nepal is a must. For that, the main role that our government can play is to change present curriculum and bring about changes which includes 80% practical knowledge and remaining as theoretical. Also, there can be a class where students are taught on the international and national issues.

Align Risk, Threats, & Vulnerabilities Essay

a. Unauthorized access from public internet – HIGH b. User destroys data in application and deletes all files – LOW c. Workstation OS has a known software vulnerability – HIGH d. Communication circuit outages – MEDIUM e. User inserts CD’s and USB hard drives with personal photos, music and videos on organization owned computers – MEDIUM 2. a. PO9.3 Event Identification – Identify threats with potential negative impact on the enterprise, including business, regulatory, legal, technology, trading partner, human resources and operational aspects. b. PO9.4 Risk Assessment – Assess the likelihood and impact of risks, using qualitative and quantitative methods. c. PO9.5 Risk Response – Develop a response designed to mitigate exposure to each risk – Identify risk strategies such as avoidance, reduction, acceptance – determine associated responsibilities; and consider risk tolerance levels. a. Unauthorized access from public internet – AVAILABILITY b. User destroys data in application and deletes all files – INTEGRITY c. Workstation OS has a known software vulnerability – CONFIDENTIALITY d. Communication circuit outages – AVAILABILITY e. User inserts CD’s and USB hard drives with personal photos, music and videos on organization owned computers – INTEGRITY 4. a. Unauthorized access from public internet – Operating system, software patches, updates, change passwords often, and hardware or software firewall. b. User destroys data in application and deletes all files – Restrict access for users to only those systems, applications, and data needed to perform their jobs. Minimize write/delete permissions to the data owner only. c. Workstation OS has a known software vulnerability – Define a workstation application software vulnerability window policy. Update application software and security patches according to defined policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines. d. Communication circuit outages – the role of countermeasures against catastrophic failures is not to eliminate them which is impossible, but to reduce their frequency and severity. e. User inserts CD’s and USB hard drives with personal photos, music and videos on organization owned computers – Disable internal CD drives and USB ports. Enable automatic antivirus scans for inserted media drives, files and e-mail attachments. An antivirus scanning system examines all new files on your computer’s hard drive for viruses. Set up antivirus scanning for e-mails with attachments. The Risk Management Process a. Step 1 Identify the hazards b. Step 2 Decide who might be harmed and how c. Step 3 Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions d. Step 4 Record your findings and implement them e. Step 5 Review your assessment and update if necessary 5. a. Threat or Vulnerability #1: * Information – Social engineering/ install web filtering software. * Application – Malicious and non-malicious threats consist of inside attacks by disgruntled or malicious employees and outside attacks by non-employees just looking to harm and disrupt an organization/ computer security, software quality, and data quality programs. * Infrastructure – Terrorist organizations, both foreign and domestic/Natural forces such as time, weather and neglect. * People – Careless employees/Educating users b. Threat or Vulnerability #2: * Information – Intentional/Unintentional Action, battery backup/generator, journaling file system and RAID storage * Application – Software bugs/ malicious act, antivirus protection and network firewalls * Infrastructure – Power failure, Hardware failure/security fixes and system patches * People – malicious act/ Educating users c. Threat or Vulnerability #3: * Information – zero-hour or day zero/ Zero-day protection, Secure Socket Layer (SSL) * Application – Keeping the computer’s software up-to-date * Infrastructure – malicious software/analyze, test, report and mitigate. * People – Careless employees/Educating users 6. True or False – COBIT P09 Risk Management controls objectives focus on assessment and management of IT risk. 7. Why is it important to address  each identified threat or vulnerability from a C-I-A perspective? 8. When assessing the risk impact a threat or vulnerability has on your â€Å"information† assets, why must you align this assessment with your Data Classification Standard? How can a Data Classification Standard help you assess the risk impact on your â€Å"information† assets? 9. When assessing the risk impact a threat or vulnerability has on your â€Å"application† and â€Å"infrastructure†, why must you align this assessment with both a server and application software vulnerability assessment and remediation plan? 10. When assessing the risk impact a threat or vulnerability has on your â€Å"people†, we are concerned with users and employees within the User Domain as well as the IT security practitioners who must implement the risk mitigation steps identified. How can you communicate to your end-user community that a security threat or vulnerability has been identified for a production system or application? How can you prioritize risk remediation tasks? 11. What is the purpose of using the COBIT risk management framework and approach? Assess the likelihood and impact of risks, using qualitative and quantitative methods. 12. What is the difference between effectiveness versus efficiency when assessing risk and risk management? Effectiveness is following the instruction of a specific job while efficiency is doing the instruction in lesser time and cost. They say Effectiveness is doing what’s right and efficiency is doing things rightly done. 13. Which three of the seven focus areas pertaining to IT risk management are primary focus areas of risk assessment and risk management and directly relate to information system security? 14. Why is it important to assess risk impact from four different perspectives as part of the COBIT P09 Framework? It assigns responsibility. 15. What is the name of the organization who defined the COBIT P09 Risk Management Framework Definition? Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA).

General Trends of English Politics Before The Viking Invasions Essay

Do you detect any general trend or trends in the pattern of English politics before the Viking invasions? Although there were sporadic Viking attacks on the coasts of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms from 793 onwards, the Viking invasions, when large forces started to appear for sustained campaigns, should probably be seen as beginning in 865, when a â€Å"heathen army† encamped on Thanet.1 Before this time, we see a trend in English politics of increasingly extensive overlordship of some kings over others. There is debate about the extent of these overlordships, but it seems reasonable to suggest that certain kings at certain times were able to dominate other kingdoms, and also that there was some increase in the area a king might aspire to control. However, there is more argument about what this trend might mean, and particularly whether it can be seen as part of an inexorable progression towards the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the ninth and tenth centuries. I shall argue that the pattern tended to a limit, and that there is no reason to see unification as its inevitable result, for three main reasons. Firstly, we see another trend that, as kingdoms grew both in size and strength, it became harder to convert overlordship into amalgamation, although this is seen in some cases. Secondly, I shall contend that the overlordship seen was based upon opportunism, with little or no institutional continuity between different overlords. Thirdly, the nature of Anglo-Saxon politics was such that no kingdom before the Viking invasions could sustain its ascendancy sufficiently for the trends to represent long-term moves towards unification. The best way to explain the eventual unification is not as a result of long-term trends, but as West Saxon opportunism at a time when the other kingdoms were weak, buttressed by a latent sense of united ecclesiastical identity, which the Viking threat brought to the surface. The main trend that we see in the pre-Viking Anglo-Saxon kingdoms is the growth of overlordship, whereby one political unit, while retaining a degree of separate identity, and quite possibly its own ruler, was dominated by another. Bede uses a variety of terms to refer to different rulers, including rex, princeps and subregulus. The impression that one gets from this is a complex patchwork of kings, with some subordinate to others: Dumville and Campbell both justifiably point out that the terminological variety suggests that there was no universal pattern, but a web of dependent relationships; this is similar to the situation in Ireland at the same time. It is likely that such relationships go back to the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon period; Kirby points out that this would hardly be surprising, since Tacitus describes similar hierarchies in Germany. However, we do see overlordship being exercised over increasingly large areas: the traditional starting point here is Bede’s lis t of seven kings who ruled â€Å"over all the southern kingdoms†. 2 The evidence does generally support the view that these kings exercised considerable power over large parts of England. Keynes asserts that it is inconceivable that Aelle of Sussex and Ceawlin of Wessex, the first two rulers, could have wide ranging power. We know little about them, but the Chronicle entries do suggest that they were significant and had successes, particularly against the Britons.3 Furthermore, Myres’ studies of the distribution of pottery fragments suggest that both rulers exercised some authority in the Midlands and East Anglia, since pottery finds match those in their native kingdoms. The evidence is not sufficient to suggest that they had control as far north as the Humber, but we would be unwise to dismiss the idea that these kings had some form of overlordship over much of southern England. Furthermore, Keynes is sceptical about Aethelbert of Kent’s power, suggesting that Bede’s reiteration of the claim that he was king of all the land south of the Humber4 shows that this was dubious, requiring repetition to convince readers. However, the papal appeal that Aethelbert should spread the Word to his subjects suggests that he had considerable power, as Higham argues, even if he was not literally â€Å"king of the English†, the style accorded to him by the appeal.5 It is less easy to rebut Keynes’ diminution of Raedwald of East Anglia, since we know very little about him. If we could be more certain that the person buried at Sutton Hoo is indeed Raedwald (as many historians posit), we could assume that he was a very rich and powerful king; however, Keynes does not give us any positive reason to doubt Bede’s claim regarding Raedwald’s wide overlordship. Although Keynes asserts that Bede makes inflated claims about the scope of the influence of Edwin, Oswald and Oswiu of Northumbria, there is no strong evidence to support this: Bede’s account is internally consistent, giving examples of these kings intervening in the Mevanian Islands (Angelsey and Man),6 Wessex,7 East Anglia,8 and Mercia9 at various times. These interventions could be entirely military (as is implied for the islands) or could involve peaceful shows of power, such as Oswald’s participation in the baptism of Cynigils of Wessex. It seems reasonable to conclude that these kings did exert influence across large parts of Southumbria and it appears that the areas they could control increased; Keynes’ attempt to deny extensive overlordship in this period to strengthen his (already strong) case against a formal Bretwaldic institution is not particularly convincing. Furthermore, overlordship did not end with Oswiu: indeed, the later Mercian kings were possibly even more successful in securing practical overlordship across much of Southumbria. Bede acknowledges that the southern kingdoms were subject to Aethelbald at the time he was writing,10 supporting Dumville’s conclusion that the omission of the Mercian kings from the earlier list was prompted by concern to curtail the digression from Aethelbert’s death, rather than Northumbrian bias. There is evidence of Mercian hegemony in the south before Aethelbald: Bede explicitly states that the South Saxons were subject to Wulfhere11 and Eddius refers to Wulfhere’s ability to draw forces from all the southern kingdoms.12 Furthermore, charters give us evidence that Mercian kings were overlords in Southumbria: in the Ismere Diploma, Aethelbald is styled â€Å"king not only of the Mercians but also of all provinces which are called by the general name ‘South English'†;13 Offa could confirm a land grant by an ealdorman of the South Saxons;14 Offa was apparently the â€Å"most beloved lord† of the Hwicce;15 Offa was in a position to revoke a grant of land by the King Egbert of Kent;16 Wiglaf could grant land in Worcestershire;17 and Brihtwulf could do the same in Berkshire.18 This charter evidence is very important: it demonstrates that the kings of Mercia in this period claimed authority over other southern kingdoms and also implies that this authorit y could have practical manifestations, such as the right to grant land or at least to confirm grants made by their underkings. The extent of their authority seems to decline after Offa, but the principle of overlordship, in a more limited sense, continued. One of the most debated possible indicators of widespread Mercian overlordship is the document known as the Tribal Hidage. The difficulties and ambiguities of this text are such that the charter evidence cited is a far stronger sign of extensive Mercian overlordship, but there is a significant possibility that the Tribal Hidage is a Mercian tribute list, estimating the tribute that the Mercian kings hoped to collect from southern kingdoms. Higham’s bold self-confidence in dismissing a Mercian origin is unwise, in that such levels of certainty are wholly inappropriate in this context: all we can do is suggest hypotheses, while accepting that other hypotheses may be valid. As Featherstone and Sawyer point out, the methodical arrangement, with the kingdoms being arranged in an approximately clockwise order around Mercia, hints at a Mercian origin. The inclusion of a figure for Mercia, which Higham sees as evidence that the document is a Northumbrian tribute list, might be an assessment of internal food renders, Featherstone suggests. The preservation and copying of the Tribal Hidage imply that there was some practical purpose in estimating the hidation of Southumbria: it is still possible to accept tentatively the claims of Davies and Vierck that the Tribal Hidage is an indicator of widespread Mercian overlordship. There is some agreement that Egbert of Wessex, whom the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle appends to Bede’s list of overlords and styles Bretwalda (Manuscript A – ‘ruler of Britain’) or Brytenwalda (other Manuscripts – ‘wide ruler’), was overlord of extensive territories. Keynes accepts the Chronicle’s claim that Egbert â€Å"conquered the kingdom of the Mercians, and everything south of the Humber†;19 this statement must cast doubt upon Stenton’s assertion that the extent of Egbert’s overlordship was not comparable to Offa’s. Nevertheless, Keynes’ claim that Egbert was the first, not the eighth, wide ruler is dubious: the evidence very strongly suggests that overlordship had been an aspect of Anglo-Saxon politics for centuries. However, the territories being brought under a single overlord were tending to increase in scale: the archaeological record suggests that the early great kings, like Aelle and Ceawlin, could aspire to rule much of the land south of the Humber, but nothing like as much as the later Mercians and Egbert. This trend was not relentless: in the period between Offa and Egbert, there is little evidence of comprehensive overlordship on the scale of either of these rulers. Although we observe this trend towards the formation of more extensive overlordships, we should not conclude, as Stenton and John do, that this trend could be extrapolated to encompass the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In the first place, it seems to have been increasingly difficult to convert overlordship into the actual amalgamation of kingdoms. Initially, with small kingdoms, it may not have been unduly difficult to effect such assimilation: Yorke points out that East Kent seems to have consumed West Kent sometime during the sixth century. Indeed, much amalgamation probably occurred in the sixth century, before the various kingdoms that we see emerged. Furthermore, it was often possible for a larger kingdom to digest a smaller one: this is seen in the cases of Deira (eventually subsumed into Bernicia after 651) and the Hwicce (gradually divested of independence by Mercia in the eighth century). However, integration was not always smooth: despite being united under Aethelfrith and Edwin, Deira was ruled separately under Oswine from 642 until 651. In the latter part of the pre-Viking period, it would have been very difficult for one of the greater kingdoms to consume another permanently: this is suggested by the fact that, despite their struggles and periods of subjection to one another, Northumbria, East Anglia, Mercia and Wessex all survived until the Viking onslaught. An illustration of this difficulty is the case of Mercia: Oswiu of Northumbria was only able to rule Mercia directly for three years after his victory in 655; he was driven out by the Mercian ealdormen in 658. Similarly, Egbert’s domination of Mercia was not secure: he was recognised as king by the Mercians in 829 but Wiglaf was restored in 830. Indeed, it would seem that political union was most successful when it was pursued gently: unlike Offa’s aggressive attempts to dominate Kent from 764 until 785, Wessex’s absorption of Kent and Sussex was done with sensitivity to the local nobles; this did, however, mean that the sense of union was perhaps not cemented, as is suggested by Aethelwulf’s proposed division of Greater Wessex, with Aethelbert succeeding in the East and his other sons taking Wessex itself in turn. However, unification in the ninth and tenth centuries can be explained in that the situation after the coming of the Vikings was different, since Mercia, East Anglia and Northumbria were seriously weakened by the attacks, aiding Wessex’s expansion. Moreover, the overlordship that we see was probably highly opportunistic, without institutional underpinnings. Yorke is probably right that the principal motivation for overlordship was the collection of tribute: Bede mentions tribute in connection with overlordship20 and Eddius says that Wulfhere’s purpose in attacking Northumbria was to gain tribute.21 Furthermore, the Mercians could presumably have conquered a tribe like the Hicca (assessed at a mere 300 hides in the Tribal Hidage), had they wished to do so; that such tribes existed as notionally independent entities suggests that, if the Tribal Hidage is a Mercian tribute list, the Mercians were content with tribute rather than political union. However, John argues that there was some kind of institutional framework and that overlordship was being gradually translated into unification. Key to this argument is the adoption of formal titles by kings: John contends that the ideal of a united Britain was a real one in kings’ minds, citing the use of various titles. The most famous of these is Bretwalda or, as John prefers, Brytenwalda, which appear in different versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle;22 I shall not become drawn into an argument about which style is the original, because the ambiguity and confusion is sufficient of itself, as Wormald argues, to cast doubt upon the existence of such an institution in reality. Clearly, whoever was copying the manuscripts was not familiar with the term, which suggests that it was a literary construct devised retrospectively to describe Egbert; its frequent application to kings like Aelle and Raedwald is therefore probably anachronistic and Kirby’s vision of kings â€Å"striving to become Bretwalda†23 is most likely to be fanciful. John also argues that other titles imply the existence of some kind of abstract concept of overlordship separate from the individual kings who happened to be overlords. For example, he highlights that Adomnan says that Oswald was â€Å"ordained by God as emperor of all of Britain†24 and that Boniface refers to Aethelbald â€Å"wielding the glorious sceptre of imperial rule over the English†.25 This evidence, combined with the point about Bretwaldas, is a rather thin basis for a case: it is quite possible that the titles were simply being used for flattery; the fact that Boniface calls Aethelbald â€Å"king of the Mercians† in his letter asking Herefrith to deliver the previous communication suggests that the imperial title used in the letter to Aethelbald was unofficial.26 Moreover, Offa is also generally styled â€Å"king of the Mercians†,27 as is Cenwulf.28 In their charters, they tend to claim to be kings of various kingdoms, rather than stressing title s of institutional overlordship. If there was no institution of overlordship, each de facto overlordship would have to start afresh in trying to create cohesion: the trend of increasingly extensive overlordship was not therefore destined to result in the formation of England, since there was often little continuity between the different overlords. The sense of common identity that began to emerge by the later ninth century (Alfred could speak of Angelkynn and Englisc) probably had far more to do with religious unity in the face of the pagan Viking threat. As Wormald argues, the Church, rather than the so-called Bretwaldas, was the institution that provided a common reference point for the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, by stressing that the Gens Anglorum was a chosen people, selected to receive the Word. Given that there were most probably no institutions to produce continuity in overlordship, momentum towards unification could only be maintained as long as a particular kingdom was in the ascendant; however, the nature of Anglo-Saxon politics in this period was such that success tended to be transient. We see this is Northumbria, whose hegemony collapsed very quickly after defeats at the Battle of the Trent (679) and Nechtansmere (685). Likewise, Mercian hegemony seems to have declined gradually after Offa. There was, to a significant extent, a natural instability in the pattern of politics: kings required land to grant to warriors (to secure their support), which required the conquest of land, which required more warriors; this pattern was clearly unsustainable in the longer term. The importance of giving gifts to warriors is seen in â€Å"Beowulf†, where Hrothgar says that he will â€Å"dispense / his God-given goods to young and old†;29 Bede shows that such gifts were necessary in the real world, expressing concern that excessive endowment of secularised monasteries had left Northumbria with insufficient land to grant to warriors. 30 There is evidence to suggest that warriors would desert their lord, if he ceased to provide them with treasure and land: Aldhelm expresses disapproval of those who do this in his letter to the clergy of Bishop Wilfrid.31 Probably, the importance of conquering new lands explains why the initiative shifted away from the south-east to Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex: these kingdoms could, at least for a while, conquer land from Britons, in a way that kingdoms like Kent could not. A notable feature of both â€Å"Beowulf† and Anglo-Saxon politics is that kingdoms tended to come to grief sooner or later; success was rarely lasting. Another source of instability was internal dynastic politics: there seem to have been frequent civil wars. This is hardly surprising given that, according to Dumville, any aetheling could claim the throne through descent in the male line from the founder of the kingdom: the â€Å"multiplicity of aethelings†32 would not infrequently compete for the kingship. The Historia Regum attributed to Simeon of Durham demonstrates that four different dynasties competed for the Northumbrian throne between 759 and 796, with murders, exiles and (probably forced) tonsures being common.33 Similarly, there is evidence of the threat of dynastic instability in Mercia, in that Offa decided to eliminate his son Cenwulf’s potential competitors; Alcuin attributes conflict in Cenwulf’s reign to this policy and says that â€Å"this was not the strengthening of his kingdom, but its ruin†. 34 Given that there were such internal problems, it is hardly surprising that kingdoms could lose overlordship quickly, as dynastic politics came to predominate. The importance of dynastic stability is seen in the eventual rise of Wessex: Egbert’s successes against Mercia came when the latter was probably engaged in dynastic wrangles; Campbell suspects that neither Ludeca (825-7) nor Wiglaf (827-40) were related to their predecessors. On the other hand, the West Saxon succession was more stable, as Dumville points out: this is seen in the succession in turn of Aethelwulf’s sons, even if it did not conform entirely to Aethelwulf’s intentions. However, dynastic tension was generally a feature of the pre-Viking period: this contributed to the rapid rise and fall of kingdoms, meaning that overlordship could not consolidate into unification. We do therefore see a trend towards greater overlordships in this period, though it must be noted that this trend was gradual and not entirely linear. Nevertheless, it is clear that certain kings were able to exert influence over far larger areas just before the Viking invasions than others could at the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon period. However, it would be unwise to extrapolate this trend and interpret it as some kind of progression towards the eventual unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under the West Saxons. It became harder to translate overlordship into political amalgamation as kingdoms grew, and overlordship was not itself stable, given the internal vicissitudes of kingdoms. We see that, before the later ninth and tenth centuries, no kingdom could sustain overlordship for long and, in the absence of recognised institutions of overlordship, this meant that whatever progress might conceivably have been made towards unification under one overlord was lost when his kingdom’s power waned. The rise of Wessex was predicated upon factors that mostly could not have been foreseen: it was able to take advantage of the weakness of the other English kingdoms in the wake of the Viking attacks and could exploit the latent sense of religious unity, which was probably made stronger by the common, external, pagan threat. Bassett’s extended metaphor of a knockout football competition, which inevitably produces a single winner, is not particularly apposite; while we might nowadays modify Kemble’s nineteenth century allusions (he described overlordship as â€Å"a mere fluctuating superiority such as we may find in Hawaii, Tahiti or New Zealand, due to success in war and lost in turn by defeat†35), his basic conclusion, that the overlordships that we see in the pre-Viking Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were not leading inexorably towards unification, still seems entirely reasonable. Bibliography Sources: Adomnan, Life of Columba, ed. and trans. R. Sharpe (1995) Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in ‘English Historical Documents’, i, 1, ed. and trans. D. Whitelock (1955) Beowulf, trans. S. Heaney (1999) Bede, Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. B. Colgrave and R.A.B. Mynors (1969) Bede, Letter to Egbert, in ‘English Historical Documents’, i, 170, ed. and trans. D. 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